Public Participation, Value Conflict and the Politics of IA - Session II, Discussion

 

 

An approach to reaching young people is through humour - ? Truth fool website ?

 

Mining companies are not slow to contact Ministers, would companies lobby government to conduct SEAs so that these issues are considered separately?

• Not a bad idea, mining companies I think would be open to it.
• Sat on a government committee advocating for SEA but government hasn't acted on it.

 

Public Participation, Value Conflict and the Politics of IA - Session II, Presentation 4

Strategic Intervention in Project EIA Canada

EIA of large energy and mining projects are subject to strategic interventions by interested parties in Canada who wish to pursue broader policy questions.

Often not mandated by EIA regulations.

No SEA in Canada except on plans, policies and programmes but secret as they are for cabinet decision making.

Some province do do SEA in an ad hoc way.

 

Screening level EIAs (of smaller projects) does not require consideration of purpose or alternative to the project.

Only a consideration in larger projects where a comprehensive assessment, mediation or review panel is required.

But not a mandatory but discretionary aspect.

 

Lower Churchill hydroelectric case study:

• 3100mw development, large, and reservoir 200km long.
• EA recently completed by province and government.
• Scope asked for economic feasibility and energy policy.
• NGOs asked for extensive and detailed questions about need for and alternatives to the project among other things.
• Review Panel concluded that the proponents had not demonstrated need.
• Government response was to reject the Review Panel recommendation and gave the go ahead.
• But now in the courts, against the Review Panel failed to assess and reach conclusions on need for and alternatives.
• Discretionary scoping of broader economic issues encouraged debate and contributed to a protracted review process. Even though the local government had authority to develop the policy and the government opened a discussion of these broader issues within the EIA process.

 

General Guidelines for Comprehensive Studies case study:

• Alternatives is now included in the guidelines even though discretionary in the legislation.
• Public officials have usurped politicians role and spirit of existing legislation that it shoul dbe done when appropriate not in every case.

 

Conclusions:

• NGOs using EIas as a platform for wider strategic debate and advance an anti-development agenda often at the expense of local stakeholders.
• Regulatory agencies need to do a better job of scoping within mandate and legislation.
• Need to respect the rights of proponents if they fall within existing legislation.
• Administrators ned to balance fairness in consultations between proponents and objectors.
• Government currently removing the example of discretionary scope elements of need for and alternatives.

 

 

Q&A

Is there always a need to consider the need for a project?

Is it a government decision to let these wider policy issues within the EIA process rather than consider them through an SEA process?


 

• It's to discuss need for but not of for example if China wants it why don't they mine it in China.
• Mining companies need for answer is that they want to make money and xplout this ore body, this answer is not acceptable to interveners/objectors. Often mining companies can't answer the strategic questions raised.

Need to address why these strategic issues are being discussed in EIAs rather than elsewhere.

Public Participation, Value Conflict and the Politics of IA - Session II, Presentation 3

Brazil: a new scenario for IA and public participation

Place:

• Rio de Janeiro
• Beautiful
• Largest urban forest in the world
• Rio +20 and World Cup
• $181 billion in 3 years
• 157% increase in energy demand
• Deforestation, air pollution, health impacts from industrial facilities, oil spills
• No tradition of urban planning
• No history of SEA only a few done
• big change in traditional communities
• Governance is weak

 

Two Players:

• A lot of rights established in 1988 constitution, EIA needed for projects likely to have major negative impacts
• (1) Governmental Institution - ombudsman, have life tenure, recruited by government but independent from them. Role to protect and power to investigate and prosecute.
• 2006 law to make a criminal offence to produce a misleading EIA.
• Change in focus of the institution on reviewing externally the EIAs and enforcing EIA rules and in 2010 the state agency joined IAIA.
• But enforcement can disempower communities because of the technical process and discourse.
• Shouldn't just rely on litigation
• (2) Community - in Brazil in the last two years the most controversial project only 10 objections.
• Lack access to information, hence communities can't comment on the EIA if they are not available. Only 8% are accessible on the Internet.
• Public hearings use the Aarhus convention about public participation.
• Created a platform RAP to put EIA reports and all the documents that we generate in relation to litigation, etc and enable people to comment online and take these forward to appropriate fora.
• Communicating through small documentarys and using Ustream and YouTube and social media. Filiming the sessions where permits are agree to.

The Road:

• Need to empower communities, engage society and give them a voice or bring their values into the decision king process.
• Combined approaches and combined actors.
• Import and export governance and not just pollution.

 

Q&A

Is there the same movement in other states and at federal level?

• We are advocating to other states to use the approach we have developed.
• We have a link on the website with a link to other states as a call to other states to develop a website similar to ours.
• There is enthusiasm in other states and other countries in South America.

Really hard to engage young people, have you considered them in your approach?

• There is a universe of options and strategies.
• Looking at gamification of the website as a way of reaching young people, we are working with other institutions to look at reaching the widest numb of people.

 

 

Public Participation, Value Conflict and the Politics of IA - Session II, Presentation 2

Exit and Voice: IA for Accountability and Sustainability

Extent that EA can be used for environmental accountability and sustainability.

Extent with which EU EA processes have done this.

Extent to which NGOS have used the legislation dimple negation of legislation to do this.

 

Historical reflection:

• EA has changed in terms of its purpose, responded to demands.
  
• Also changed in terms of paradigms, changing discourses and policy context has changed.
  
• Role of NGOs in this
  

Using accountability as a lens to examine EA practice

• Holding to account or take responsibility for actions (compare to legitimacy)
  
• Democratic - political, bureaucratic
• Corporate
• Professional

Strategy for accountability are:

• Exit - not buy product, not vote for political party
• Voice - campaign or protest

NGOs increasingly using EA as a voice to make accountable.

 

Shifting paradigms:

• Aarhus convention very important for EU
• Shifts in Directives and EU Treaties

Historic EIA cases:

• Power station assessed separately from transmission lines whether should have considered together because privatisation has split the national distribution system rom the power plant companies.
• Public Inquiry overturned the government agency developing a waste disposal repository because of poor EIA, no alternative sites considered and ...

Contemporary SEA cases:

• Ecotowns
• National policy statements
• National policy framework in Scotland
• High Speed 2 rail scheme

 

HS2 case study:

• Only looked at London to Birmingham rather than to Manchester and Leeds (salami slicing)
• No alternatives considered

 

Common threads

• Is there a need
• Are alternatives considered
• Fundamental elements of EIA/SEA seemingly circumvented, why
• Levers for environmetal advocates to seek accountability

 

Conclusion: changing paradigms, changing purposes...and the future?

• Changing global governance
• Increasing demands fro accountability
• From environmental integration to sustainable development
• Evolving EA legislation in the EU

 

Framing EA through accountability?

• Info taken into account
• IA helps make better decisions, doesn't make decisions for you
• Effective if more sustainable decisions?

 

Conclusions:

• Speeding up decision making destined to fail - controversial schemes take a long time because they are controversial
• Quality of process and assessment
• Openness to other knowledge to discuss the wider strategic issues
• New research agenda

 

Q&A

Should we be doing more integrated assessments, caveat that of a Hong Kong public engagement process I was involved wherer NGOs said they hate that word and whe you talk about sustainable development its about compromise and the environment always gets compromised?

• Depends on the context with which the sustainability and sustainable assessment is used, weak or strong decision making context, a way to push a government or private sector agenda.
• Challenge that environmental has lost ground in sustainable and integrated assessments.

 

Has there been any study of an individual's role has in the process, professional and personal?

• Not sure, individuals gave not been theorised as yet.

Public Participation, Value Conflict and the Politics of IA - Session II, Presentation 1

JICA's Challenge of Creating a Peer Review System

Economic growth for welfare, wellbeing and sustainability.

USA has 60-80,000 EIAs

Japan 70 EIAs

 

No concise EIA has been conducted in Japanese system even though it has a screening system.

Only huge projects like high speed rail, dams, power plants, express ways.

 

Why is Japan so different?

Japanese system not enough to support sustainable development.

IA is a way to control human actions.

Proponents both public and private hac even reluctant to do EIAs.

...

 

JICA meetings are open to the public and published on website.

Before 2008 JICA had a technical role, after it role expanded all Yen Loan, Grant Aid (half) and all of technical cooperation as part o fits international cooperation role.

Required a more advanced system to consider environmental and social issues.

• Assist towards sustainable society
• Work throughout the project cycle
• Advisory committee for reviewing
• Objection system for compliance

The process revised:

• Advisory committee meetings involving academics, NGOs, industry and public officials.
• Very transparent process (see above) - draft was open to the public, inviting feedback
• All projects should be screened
• Needed to coordinate the merged organisations

 

Major characteristics of revised process:

• Every scheme applied to GL
• Preparatory study for cooperation
• Application of SEA
• More advanced inmate on disclosure and public participation
• Compliance monitoring
• ...

 

A code of conduct developed similar to IAIA:

• Key point - refi to provide services if asked to develop a biased analysis to met a predetermined result.

 

Need this kind of mindset to make the word sustainable.

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Discussion

How deal with stakeholders who object in projects that are government owned and will go ahead?

• This is difficult issue to manage - the tension between national needs and local interests, it is about managing the positives and negatives.
• If you work with communities for a long time they recognise that this will happen, that it needs to be done, and that it's about mitigating impacts.
• By bad start where we are going to do it and we are just going through the process. Need to start from a basis of equality and that stakeholders have rights and that we need to work together and lets see what we can do and become equal partners.
• Accountability can be an important way of dealing with what things can be change and what can't. Have to be honest what we can't do and say why.

 

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Presentation 5

Where Does a Good Partnership Start

Partnerships are not easy to start or maintain.But benefits of partnerships are so great that the costs are worth it.

Partnerships can maximise benefits, increase pace of change, avoid duplication, better risk management, access to specialist expertise and moving from philanthropy to having a impact.

Partnership process:

• Goal setting
• Identifying
• Building
• Planning
• Implementing
• Exit strategy

Can take 1-5 years to complete planning stage. It can take that long to build trust.

 

Focus on exit strategy and due diligence of the first four steps.

 

Starting with the exit strategy focuses the clients mind on what they would like to see emerge and fleshes out timelines and goals.

 

Goal setting:

Example: economic development, dang to being too broad a goal, trying to think outside the box of who could be involved e.g. Whole of region and Kazakhstan as a whole.

 

Identifying:

64 companies identified initially which were reduced to 34 companies which we talked on the phone and of these we met 10 face to face. This is resource intensive and need to be clear

 

Building and Planning:

• This can move the issues back to goal setting as issues emerge.

Partnership opportunities:

• Improving access to finance for SMEs (local bank, national enterprise development fund, local venture capital funds, EBRD)
• Building capacity of existing SMEs through training and business development services (donor funded)
• Facilitating local content development through 'establishment of enterprise zone' and relocation of existing under utilised SMEs (donor funded, ADB)

 

Moving the oil and gas project company move away from philanthropic activities to making a real positive impact.

 

Conclusion:

• Due diligence can help to develop better and more sustainable partnerships
• Be clear about each parties goals, interests and capabilities
• Be flexible and open.

 

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Presentation 4

Partnering for Innovative Environmental Outcomes

Perspective of a road proponent and road maintainer.

 

Traditional model of road planning which starts with route selection, route studies, develop a concept design, conduct an EA, then do a detailed design, then construction and operation. With consultation throughput the process.

 

Can be a fragmented process with each team working in relative isolation and not always communicating and feeding back issues.

Need for greater integration. This can be achieved by each team working involved throughout the design, consult, construction and operation.

 

This is done through "Alliancing" where government owner of a project makes commercial arrangement with teams of private sector partners to deliver a project. Has been used for construction but now being used for the IA element.

 

Integrated collaborative project team working as a single organisation leaving you company hat at the door. Share financial risks and rewards, a no fault no blame approach.

See Woolgoolga to Ballina Planning Alliance.

 

Benefits:

• Aim of rout standing performance
• Greater flexibility in modifying design
• Shared responsibility for managing project risks

EA benefits

• Better understanding of impacts

 

But some concerns about cost, value for money dependent on people working together in a collaborative way.

 

EA professionals have a greater chance of influencing the design in a way that reduces negative Environmetal impacts, more opportunities for avoidance.

 

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Presentation 3

Partnership to Ensure Sustainability in South Africa in a Pipeline Project

Highly complex biophysical and socioeconomic environments need greater due diligence and management.

Greenfield inland fuel terminal site

• We got involved after the EIA was conducted and asked to help with implementation of the EIA recommendations.
  
• Without mitigation biodiversity would be negatively impacted.

 

Key challenges:

• Land set aside for biodiversity mitigation was already used as a communal area whe local people could undertaken farming. So the offset would cause negative community impacts. REcommendation that new land be purchased for these existing communal activities.
• Associated companies wanted to have their facilities near the terminal meaning more land was needed to accommodate this on this sensitive site. Managing these multiple stakeholders was critical.
• Three main parties had already had a dialogue where a negotiating framework had already been developed.

 

Addressing the challenges:

• Technical team of experts that addressed the impacts and possible solutions to these
• Separate meetings with all the stakeholders where we invited input on expectations
• But did not have multi stakeholder meetings or get stakeholders to develop solutions

Proposed solution

• Minimal solution - just meet environmental and social requirements
• Intermediate solution
• Optimal solution - exceeding social and Env requirements
• Used cost benefit analysis

 

IAs can be a tool to deliver sustainable solutions through epbringing stakeholders together and pool knowledge and resources...

 

But partnership model has risks if partners renege on commitments, there is a trust building and problem solving element and an agreement and joint delivery/auctioning element.

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Presentation 2

Good partnerships and practices: case study of Ogoniland

Fresh opportunity for reconciliation in relation to issues raised in the past with Shell operations it he area.

 

Partnership is beyond stakeholder engagement and consultation. Need pooled resources and risk. Mutual benefit and risk.

Ogoniland is in the Niger Delta, most dense area of NIgeria and Agrica, why thee are tensions about land and the environmental degradation of land.

All the wells have been capped to prevent theft and spills. Oil found in 1957, there was an oil war 'Biafra War', 140,000bpd. Ogoni Bill of Rights developed in the 1990s to deal with the grievances, spills, fires and acid rain. Wanted control oil resources and self determination, threats made to production and wanted billions in reparations. Shell withdrew and military moved in and later the hanging of Ken Saro Wiwo and eight others. This created international protest leading to imposition o finternational sanctions. This led to growth in insurgent activity by other tribal groups. Ogoni have taken action through national an finternational courts leading to compensation from Shell almost half a billion to date.

Old installations including pipelines which need to be replaced but have not been.

Tough context in which to develop partnerships with an autocratic, military government where minority groups are marginalised, cycles of conflict, ...

 

Any future partners would need to involve Government, communities, donors and companies international and national. Divgent interests, competition for influence, lack of leadership and coordination.

Led to improvements in company practice and corporate social responsibility

• Educational scholarships
• Build health centres and cottage hospital
• Agricultural demonstration farm
• Apprenticeship schemes
• New integrated health, social guidelines in environmental guidelines
• ...
• Community Trusts have been created which manage and commission community projects.

 

Best future opportunity is around agricultural and fisheries opportunities, including foreign investment from India, Israel, Netherlands and Shell as well.

But, the theft of oil has been increasing at a very great pace, 150,000 bpd are stolen (8%) and this is refined and sold with collusion of politicians and the military.

Number of attempts to reconcile the situation.

UNEP Environmentbal Assessment has been positively received by everyone.

Ogoni have added that a third party organisation monitor and support the improvement of the area.

The most meaningful partnership is economic. 10% equity share, etc...

 

• Community and advocates divided at the money
  
• Government only now receiving UNEP EA report
• Industry needs to be involved

 

Partnership exploration, building and maintenance are key.

 

Niget Delta publication at Woodrow Wilson Center.

 

Partnerships in IA - Session II, Presentation 1

Social Specialists a Necessity, Not a Luxury

TCTA builds dams and pipelines.

Traditional model of how EIA and SIA within a project. Social representation seems to fade in the implementation phase.

• Feasibility - EIA and SIA
• Construction - SHEQ management
• Operation - operation and maintenance agent

 

TCTA introduces social team at pre feasibility and feasibility phase; have environmental and social team leaders with environmental and social monitoring during construction; operation has just technical personnel.

Case study: Water supply for Matimba and Medupi power stations; coal mine and Lephale town.

 

Social impacts

• Acquisition of land rights
• Disruption of traversing patterns of people and game
• Nuisance factors
• Impacts on physical infrastructure (not a lot by trying to go around them)
• Economic impacts - resigning as farm workers to become temporary construction workers
• Sense of place - beautiful and quite natural environment

 

Acquisition of land rights

• Two independent certified land valuers
• Legal due diligence
• ...

 

Develop a social risk map, risky properties marked out for engineers.

 

Social impact management tools:

• Phasing in operational staff during EIA phase
• management of social aspects included in contract specifications and management of the contract
• Involve social specialists at pre construction geotechnical investigations
• Asset and infrastructure baseline
• Pre construction survey
• Communication register
• Integrated incident register - one only and everything tracked in that
• Ongoing relationship management - permanent social monitor on site

 

• Baseline photos taken that are u see later when problems emerge.
• There is social incident monitoring to see what new issues are emerging or which types o fincidents are increasing.
• There is also incident follow up
• Social monitor reports directly to the Chief Engineer
• Shorten response periods
• Have a real person as a first port of enquiry

 

 

 

 

Resettlement Planning in a Development Context I - Discussion

Often there are informal settlements and/or illegal immigrants which start off small and then become much bigger. Is there a danger that through resettlement it can encourage more illegal settlemenst and slums?

• There is a wider issue of social integration and marginalisation which resettlement throws up.
• There are some basic human rights, right to a safe place for you and your family, and these should be granted even if you are in an illegal settlement.
• This shout be designed into resettlement, right to housing is internationally recognised, but what matts most in terms of practical rights are national laws. There is also an issue of "professional squatters" in Phillipines that move in when a resettlement programme is likely to come into an area. Having people who have lived in an area can help to ensure that these kinds of people don't benefit at the expense of the people who have lived in that area.
• We have defined a threshold in Pakistan and there is a right of housing.
• There have Ben invasions of people in Mozabique when they hear about a programme. A cut off date and local committed are very important to prevent these types of incidents.

If a project lose their business and market how do you compensate for losing a market where you do your business but don't own the market?

• In Mozabique, we were able to open 40 new market areas with toilets and near bus stops so that we created safer marketplaces for these people. We also provided allowances for loss of profits and disruption to their livelihood so that they could go to another market temporarily.
  
• In Manila, they have built market paces but because the sites are remote the markets don't work well and hence livelihoods aren't restarted.
  
• Need take away restrictions when people are resettled to compensate beyond money.

 

Resettlement Planning in a Development Context I - Presentation 4

Impact of Resettlement on Urban Livelihoods

Case study of a railway project. Implications of resettlement away from the area.

 

Urban displacement has long been a challenge and regular feature of urban life. Competition for land because of urbanisation and forced eviction seen as a global problem. Developments are a big cause.

 

Urban development, natural disaster and migration to cities allied to shortages of land increasing displacement. So that the poor are being pushed out of cities.

 

Case study: North South Railway Linkage Project

• 35000 families displaced from informal settlements
• Bilateral loan from Korea conditional on adequate resettlement
• People living within 1m of the railway tracks we all moved

Where did the 35000 families go?

• Relocated to 11 sites outside of metro Manila
• Over 7-8 years in multiple phases
• The biggest site houses approx 7000 families
• All the sites were remote from where people had lived and worked - over 30km but with poor transport made them remote sites.
• On top of mountains, near rivers, on rice fields - land not appropriate for housing development and not connected to existing settlements in the area.

• Resettlers had to repay the National Housing Authority for the housing
• Many housing were incomplete
• Many sites we prone to flooding
• Water, electricity infrastructure incomplete particular first few years.
• Schools and health clinics constructed but human resources were not developed to run them.

 

Urban poor people manage a complex asset portfolio:

• Multiple livelihoods - limited opportunities, job insecurity (5 month contracts), poor work conditions
• Limited resources - financial, social, physical, human,
• Rely on the informal economy - self employment activities

 

Can create a positive cycle that can lead to these communities accumulating savings and investment however whe resettlement works against this then it can create a downward spiral.

 

Challenges:

• Livelihood reconstruction - cannot commute, transport take up half their income going to and from Metro Manila, also no formal place of work to commute to, Can we provide livelihood assistance
• Precarious mode of living
• Difficulty in providing livelihood programme

 

Need to understand the businesses and investments that people have made and the social and economic networks that they have created

Need to consider their individual and family resources

Need to consider the siting - proximity and connectivity of sites.

 

Q&A

• Agencies are aware of the issues generated by past resettlements but because of land shortage the agencies feel constrained in how they manage resettlement.
• Did the agencies try and help to improve people's lives through the resettlement. The resettlement was not seen as a development project, it was simply seen as a housing project and though there were some livelihood and other programmes this was limited.

 

 

Resettlement Planning in a Development Context I - Presentation 3

Measuring Social Vulnerability to Resettlement

 

There are new dam projects in Portugal. Fridao Hydroelectric Dam involves resettling 60 families which in Portugal is a big deal.


 

How will communities adapt to resettlement?

By assessing how vulnerable they were, we therefore used their psycho-social vulnerability.

 

Literature identified the following indicators:

• Age
• Education
• Income
• Strong local identity
• Knowledge about the process
• ...

Data collection:

• Community meeting
• Introductory survey - socio demographic info only
• Group family interview - psychosocial info at family level
• Individual survey - psychosocial info at individual level

 

Identified risk factors and protection factors and then developed a quantities summing methodology to

Indicator SV = SUM Risk - SUM Protective


 

Strength is that this approach can characterise each individual and household.

 

Implications:

• Theory driven measure so very robust and can be used in follow up
• Can pinpoint who is most vulnerable and therefore can mange the social and economic resources and can engage neighbours to provide vulnerable individuals and households with extra support
• Can define very specific interventions before, during and after the resettlement

 

Q&A

• We are not yet there in how this approach should be implemented bu we have some ideas on using it to manage economic and social resources.
• A high social vulnerability would not mean that a project should be abandoned, partly this about how we do things no whether we do it or not.
• How do you reflect these indicator in terms for example amount of compensation? We used a social network analysis to understand relationship, our recommendation was to ensu that the social network remins as dense as they a now, that they will be resettled together not just paying the cost of the house e.g. In Portugal they can pay double the market value of the home, but that is not enough.
• The interviews were conducted at home to make them feel most comfortable and relate more to their place. We needed to build trust in order to gather good info.

 

Resettlement Planning in a Development Context I - Presentation 2

Teamwork Essential to Resettlement Action Planning for the Rehabilitation in Mozambique

Millennium Challenge Account is undertaking projects in four provinces in Mozambique - water and sanitation, financial support, land programme...

 

This presentation about a road project. Part of the N1 Road system, almost 150km of N1, 11m wide, 1.5m paved and 0.5m unpaved shoulders.

3 different phases - feasibility and IA; engineering design and resettlement; Construction

• In Mozambique Law 30m right of way on each side of the road.
• Corridor of ImPact - looked at 10m, 20m and 40m for each side of central line, and 15m for sensitive places, also deviated where needed from existing infrastructure and buildings.
• Almost 1200 PAPs, loss of land, houses...

Established Green and Red Zones

• Red - no go areas for contractors
• Green - free for contractor to work in

 

The resettlement team was the same as design and implementation team because of limited time.

 

Key stakeholders were identified - Provincial, district and administrative authorities, communities

 

Used the Keep it Simple and Standard Approach.

 

• Opened new market areas
• Built new stores/commercial structures
• Built new boreholes
• Developed a RAP radio programme
• Issued identity documents
• Undertook public consultation
• Ensure traditional ceremony to ask the Gods to help the programme go well.
• PAP involvement important in RAP

Main challenge was the limited time to undertake the RAP

Having community liaison committees important.

 

Q&A

• Members of the resettlement committee included the Administrator of the District, Traditional Leader, most influential members of the community and other representatives both men and women.
• There was limited time because it was an MCC funded project that needed to be completed in 5 years.

Resettlement Planning in a Development Context I - Presentation 1

Environmental Effects of Post-Disaster Rehabilitation

During the last few years Pakistan has been severely impacted by climate change related disasters.

Want to talk about the super-flood that we experienced a few years ago.

 

Pakistan has an agrarian economy over 60% rural population.

Vulnerable to climate change - 3 cyclones and 2 droughts as well as the super-flood covering an area off five European countries, affected ov 20 million people.

A major increase in water related infectious diseases including Dengue which had not been seen before

 

Aim to convert the natural disaster challenge into an opportunity. Create an entry point for health and hygiene programme.

 

Launched the "Upscaling Rural Sanitation in Flood Areas"

Aim to create demand and supply side management through:

• Using existing women health visitors
• Sensitising and awareness raising in local communities
• Strengthening local entrepreneurs to provide sanitation products

Evaluated the programme using:

• Over 5000 households in 361 villages
• 90% wanted to live in their own houses even with the disaster
• 75% suffered mental trauma
• 90% had access to water
• 56% aware of water contamination issues
• ...
• Children we a major focus using them as agents of change through local schools
• 42% reduction in open defecation (OD)
• 23 villages OD free
• Media, esp. TV, played a big role

 

Conclusion

• Awareness played a vital role - that building sanitation first before the rest of the home was vital for health
• Positive step to managing natural water resources
• Identified financial and capacity gaps
• Important step towards sustainable development
• Need financial, technical and research support to subsidise construction and products, developing local skills and creating low cost technologies.

 

Q&A

Developing an organisational and legal framework at national, provincial and district levels.

Most of the people did not want to move but the increasing construction near waterways had to be cleared and those people had to be relocated. Whe people lived away from the waterways they were rehabilitated.